[Submitted on 25 Jul 2026]

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Abstract:When conflicts emerge, we need systematic ways of thinking to deal with them. This paper revisits Boyd's Observe, Orient, Decide, Act (OODA) loop and explores its usefulness as a systematic way of thinking for reasoning about conflicts in dynamic environments characterized by uncertainty, adaptation, and adversarial interference. We explore the OODA loop beyond its origin in air warfare where it focuses attention on the relationship between information, understanding, choice, and action. Our exploration is conducted in two application domains: cyber conflicts and cognitive conflicts. Across both domains, we emphasize situational awareness as a critical mechanism of orientation, while noting that observations become useful only when they are perceived, comprehended, projected into possible futures, and integrated with mental models, objectives, doctrine, trust, and experience. Our exploration suggests that conflict is not merely a contest of actions or effects, but a contest over the ability to generate, protect, and leverage one's own superior observation, orientation, and decision, while degrading and exploiting adversary's observation, orientation, and decision.

Submission history

From: Ethan Anderson [view email]
[v1] Sat, 25 Jul 2026 19:38:05 UTC (320 KB)